ACQ Vol 11 No 1 2009

MULTICULTURALISM AND DYSPHAGIA

Duits, L. A., Tjabringa, G. S., Aarts, N. J., van’t Wout, J. W., Hiemstra, P. S., Nibbering, P. H., et al. (2003). Plasma secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in febrile patients. Clinical Microbiology & Infection , 9 (7), 605–613. Finestone, H. M., Foley, N. C., Woodbury, M. G., & Greene- Finestone, L. (2001). Quantifying fluid intake in dysphagic stroke patients: a preliminary comparison of oral and nonoral strategies. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 82 (12), 1744–1746. Finucane, T. E., Christmas, C., & Travis, K. (1999). Tube feeding in patients with advanced dementia: a review of the evidence. Journal of the American Medical Association , 282 (14), 1365–1370. Garon, B. R., Engle, M., & Ormiston, C. (1997). A randomized control study to determine the effects of unlimited oral intake of water in patients with identified aspiration. Journal of Neurological Rehabilitation , 11 , 139–148. Gibson, G., & Barrett, E. (1992). The role of salivary function on oropharyngeal colonization. Specialist Care Dentist , 12 (4), 153–156. Gleeson K. E. D., & Maxwell S. L. (1997). Quantitative aspiration during sleep in normal subjects. Chest , 111 , 1266– 1272. Johnson, E. R., McKenzie, S. W., & Sievers, A. (1993). Aspiration pneumonia in stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 74 (9), 973–976. Joshipura, K. J., Hung, H. C., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., & Ascherio, A. (2003). Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and incidence of ischemic stroke. Stroke , 34 (1), 47–52. Kikawada, M., Iwamoto, T., & Takasaki, M. (2005). Aspiration and infection in the elderly: epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Drugs and Aging , 22 (2), 115–130. Kleiner, S. M. (1999). Water: An essential but overlooked nutrient. J Am Diet Assoc , 99 (2), 200–206. Langmore, S. E., Skarupski, K. A., Park, P. S., & Fries, B. E. (2002). Predictors of aspiration pneumonia in nursing home residents. Dysphagia , 17 (4), 298–307. Langmore, S.E., Terpenning, M.S., Schork, A., Chen, Y., Murray, J.T., Lopatin, D., & Loesche, W.J. (1998). Predictors of aspiration pneumonia: How important is dysphagia? Dysphagia, 1369 –81. Leibovitz, A., Plotnikov, G., Habot, B., Rosenberg, M., & Segal, R. (2003). Pathogenic colonization of oral flora in frail elderly patients fed by nasogastric tube or percutaneous enterogastric tube. Journal of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Science , 58 (1), 52–55. Lieberman, H. R. (2007). Hydration and cognition: a critical review and recommendations for future research. Journal of the American College of Nutritionalists , 26 (5 Suppl), 555S–561S. Low, J., Wyles, C., Wilkinson, T., & Sainsbury, R. (2001). The Effect of Compliance on Clinical Outcomes for Patients with Dysphagia on Videofluoroscopy. Dysphagia , 16 (2), 123–127. Marik, P. E. (2001). Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine , 344 (9), 665–671. Millns, B., Gosney, M., Jack, C. I., Martin, M. V., & Wright, A. E. (2003). Acute stroke predisposes to oral gram-negative bacilli – a cause of aspiration pneumonia? Gerontology , 49 (3), 173–176. Mojon, P. (2002). Oral health and respiratory infection. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association , 68 (6), 340–345. Nicod, L. P. (1999). Pulmonary defence mechanisms. Respiration , 66 (1), 2–11. Palmer, L. B., Albulak, K., Fields, S., Filkin, A. M., Simon, S., & Smaldone, G. C. (2001). Oral clearance and pathogenic oropharyngeal colonization in the elderly. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , 164 (3), 464–468.

Summary and conclusions In summary, the literature indicates that free water protocols may be a promising alternative for patients without significant co-morbidities and good oral hygiene, both in terms of patient satisfaction and improved health markers. It would be extremely beneficial to conduct a large-scale trial examining use of free water versus thickened fluids in a population of dysphagic patients with known aspiration to complement/confirm previous research results. References Abe, S., Ishihara, K., & Okuda, K. (2001). Prevalence of potential respiratory pathogens in the mouths of elderly patients and effects of professional oral care. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics , 32 (1), 45–55. Adachi, M., Ishihara, K., Abe, S., Okuda, K., & Ishikawa, T. (2002). Effect of professional oral health care on the elderly living in nursing homes. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology , 94 (2), 191–195. Addington, W. R., Stephens, R. E., Gilliland, K., & Rodrigueiz, M. (1999). Assessing the laryngeal cough reflex and the risk of developing pneumonia after stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 80 (2), 150–154. Addington, W. R., Stephens, R. E., & Gilliland, K. A. (1999). Assessing the laryngeal cough reflex and the risk of develop­ ing pneumonia after stroke: an interhospital comparison. Stroke , 30 (6), 1203–1207. Astor, F. C., Hanft, K. L., & Ciocon, J. O. (1999). Xerostomia: a prevalent condition in the elderly. Ear Nose Throat Journal , 78 (7), 476–479. Boyton, R. J., & Openshaw, P. J. (2002). Pulmonary defences to acute respiratory infection. British Medical Bulletin , 61 , 1–12. Brook, I. (2003). Management and prevention of dental infections. 1. Retrieved 24 April 2003, from http//www. medscape.com/viewprogram/2241_pnt Budtz-Jorgensen, E., Mojon, P., Banon-Clement, J. M., & Baehni, P. (1996). Oral candidosis in long-term hospital care: comparison of endentulous and dentate subjects. Oral Disease , 2 (4), 285–290. Cassiere, H. A. (1998). Aspiration pneumonia: Current concepts and approach to management. Retrieved 2 January 2002 from http://www.medscape.com/medscape/ REspiratoryCare/jouranl/1998/v02.n01/mrc3075.ca Cook, I. J., & Kahrilas, P. J. (1999). AGA technical review on management of oropharyngeal dysphagia. Gastroenterology, 116, 455–478. Crystal, R., West, J. B., Barnes, P. J., Cherniack, M. S., & Weibel, E. R. (Eds.). (1991). The lung: Scientific foundations . vol. 2. New York: Raven. Curtis, J. & Langmore., S. E. (1997). Respiratory function and complications related to deglutition. In Perlman & K Schulze-Delrieu (Eds.), Deglutition and its disorders: Anatomy, physiology, clinical diagnosis and management , pp. 99–214. San Diego, CA: Singular. Daniels, S.K., Brailey, K., Priestly, D.H., Herrington, L.R., Weisberg, L.A., Foundas, A.L. (1998). Aspiration in patients with acute stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 79 (1):14–19. DeLegge, M. H. (2002). Aspiration pneumonia: Incidence, mortality and at-risk populations. Journal of Peranteral and Enteral Nutrition , 26 (6), s19–s25. DePippo, K. L., Holas, M. A., Reding, M. J., Mandel, F. S., & Lesser, M. L. (1994). Dysphagia therapy following stroke: A controlled trial. Neurology , 44 , 1655–1660. Diaz-Arnold, A. & Marek, C. A. (2002). The impact of saliva on patient care: A literature review. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry , 88 , 337–343.

ACQ uiring knowledge in sp eech , language and hearing , Volume 11, Number 1 2009

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