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their time and valuable insights for the larger study of which this narrative review is one aspect. References Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) (2013). Allied health workforce 2012 . National health workforce series no. 5. Catalogue no. HWL51. Canberra: AIHW. Available at: http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/ DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129544590 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2018). Australia’s health 2018 . Australia’s health series no. 16. AUS 221. Canberra: AIHW. Boyle, J.M., McCartney, E., O’Hare, A., & Forbes, J. (2009). Direct versus indirect and individual versus group modes of language therapy for children with primary language impairment: principal outcomes from a randomized controlled trial and economic evaluation. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders , 44 (6), 826-846. Byrne, N. (2015). Diversity in speech pathology: Endangered or extinct? Journal of Clinical Practice in Speech-Language Pathology , 17 (1), 32–36. Duckett, S., & Willcox, S. (2015). The Australian health care system . Melbourne, Australia. Oxford University Press. Godecke, E., Ciccone, N. A., Granger, A. S., Rai, T., West, D., Cream, A., … Hankey, G. J. (2014). A comparison of aphasia therapy outcomes before and after a Very Early Rehabilitation programme following stroke. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders , 49 (2), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12074 Goldberg, L. R., Williams, P. S., & Paul-Brown, D. (2002). Leading the change effort. I. Real and perceived challenges in working with speech-language pathology assistants. Communication Disorders Quarterly , 23 (4), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/15257401020230040401 Gwynne, K., & Lincoln, M. (2017). Developing the rural health workforce to improve Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health outcomes: A systematic review. Australian Health Review , 41 (2), 234–238. https://doi. org/10.1071/AH15241 Lambier, J., & Atherton, M. (2003). General membership survey . Melbourne: Speech Pathology Australia. Lizarondo, L., Kumar, S., Hyde, L., & Skidmore, D. (2010). Allied health assistants and what they do: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare . https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S12106 Meinzer, M., Streiftau, S., & Rockstroh, B. (2007). Intensive language training in the rehabilitation of chronic aphasia: efficient training by laypersons. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (JINS) , 13 (5), 846–853. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617707071111 NSW Health. (2012). Allied health assistants survey results . Sydney, Australia: Author. O’Brien, R. (2018). Resistance, paradox and professional identity in speech-language pathologists’ perceptions of working with assistants (Doctoral Thesis). University of Newcastle. Newcastle, Australia. O’Brien, R., Byrne, N., Mitchell, R., & Ferguson, A. (2013). Rural speech-language pathologists’ perceptions of working with allied health assistants. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology , 15 (6), 613–622. doi.org/10.3 109/17549507.2012.759623 O’Brien, R., Mitchell, R., & Byrne, N. (2018). Paradoxical perceptions towards the introduction of assistants in

speech-language pathology and potential impact on consumers. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences , 32 (1), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12437 O’Callaghan, A.M., McAllister, L., & Wilson, L. (2005). Barriers to accessing rural paediatric speech pathology services: Health care consumers’ perspectives. The Australian Journal of Rural Health , 13 (3), 161-172. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1854.2005.00686.x Ostergren, J. A., & Aguilar, S. M. (2015). An international perspective on speech-language pathology assistants. Perspectives on Administration & Supervision , 25 (2), 64–77. https://doi.org/10.1044/aas25.2.64 Queensland Health. (2016). Allied health expanded scope strategy 2016–2021 . Retrieved from https://www.health. qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/449520/expanded- strategy.pdf Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists (RCSLT). (2008). RCSLT policy statement on the education and training for assistant practitioners . Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists. Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT). (2017). Apprenticeships in England . Retrieved October 31, 2017, from https://www.rcslt.org/ governments/apprenticeships Schmidt, D. (2013). Supervising allied health assistants: A concerning skill gap in allied health professionals. Journal of Allied Health , 4 2 (4), 243–246. Somerville, L., Davis, A., Elliot, A.L., Terrill, D., Austin, N., & Phillip, K. (2015). Building allied health workforce capacity: a strategic approach to workforce innovation. Australian Health Review , 3 9 (3), 264-270. Doi: https://doi. org/10.1071/AH14211 Speech Pathology Australia (SPA). (2014). Position statement: Working with support workers. Melbourne, Australia: Author. Speech Pathology Australia (SPA). (2016a). Parameters of practice: Guidelines for delegation , collaboration and teamwork in speech pathology practice . Melbourne, Australia: Author. Speech Pathology Australia (SPA). (2016b). Speech pathology 2030: Making futures happen . Melbourne, Australia: Author. TAFE NSW. (2017). Certificate IV in Allied Health Assistance – TAFE NSW. Retrieved 31 October 2017, from https://www.tafensw.edu.au/course/HLT43015-01/ Certificate-IV-in-Allied-Health-Assistance/ Wylie, K., McAllister, L., Davidson, B., & Marshall, J. (2013). Changing practice: Implications of the World Report on Disability for responding to communication disability in underserved populations. International Journal of Speech- Language Pathology , 15 (1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3109/ 17549507.2012.745164 Rachael O’Brien is a speech pathologist and academic in the School of Humanities and Arts at Newcastle University. Rebecca Mitchell is a conjoint professor in the Faculty of Business and Law at Newcastle Business School. Nicole Byrne is a senior lecturer in speech pathology at the University of Newcastle.

Correspondence to: Rachael O’Brien

The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW e-mail: rachael.obrien@newcastle.edu.au

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